It is recommended by the CDC for use in malaria-endemic areas but it requires more frequent application than DEET. When used at concentrations of 30%, PMD offers complete protection for 4-6 hours against ticks and several Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex species of mosquitoes. However, the EPA believes that PMD’s maximum protection time against mosquitoes and ticks is shorter than DEET’s. Some studies have suggested that concentrations of 20-26% PMD may be as effective as 15-20% DEET against both mosquitoes and ticks. Commonly available products have a concentration of 30% OLE and 20% PMD. The leaf extract is refined to increase the concentration of a naturally occurring substance, para-menthane-3,8-diol, also known as PMD. Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) is an extract of the leaves of the lemon eucalyptus tree, Corymbia citriodora. Animal studies have not demonstrated developmental toxicity, but there are no specific recommendations for use or avoidance of IR3535 in children or pregnant women. Following those instructions could overexpose the user to the IR. This is a problem because most sunscreens should be reapplied about every 2 hours. IR3535 is found in some combination sunscreen/IR products. It can melt some plastics and damage some fabrics. It is a serious eye irritant but otherwise has a good safety profile. Therefore, IR3535 is not recommended for use in malaria-endemic areas. IR3535 20% offers protection against Aedes and Culex mosquitoes for 7-10 hours but only 3.8 hours of protection against Anopheles in some studies. IR3535 has also shown greater effectiveness against black fly and sand fly bites than DEET, with a longer duration of protection.
#WARNINGS LABEL EXPERT OFF BUG SPRAY SKIN#
IR3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate) was first marketed in the US as a skin moisturizer but, when noted to be as effective as DEET against biting midges or "no-see-ums", it was adopted for use as an IR. Picaridin is not recommended for use in children under 2 years of age. Human and animal studies of picaridin have not demonstrated skin, internal organ, or reproductive toxicity. Picaridin is not known to produce the same nervous system toxicity as DEET but has not been subjected to as much long-term testing. Some studies have shown a shorter protection time for picaridin compared to DEET. It is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for use in malaria-endemic areas. The 10% concentration is effective for 3.5-8 hours.
#WARNINGS LABEL EXPERT OFF BUG SPRAY REGISTRATION#
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registration data indicate that picaridin at a concentration of 20% is effective against mosquitoes and ticks for 8-14 hours.
Picaridin 20% spray has been shown to be comparable to DEET 20% for protection against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquito species.
Its vapor is noxious to mosquitoes, flies, chiggers, and ticks. Compared with DEET, its advantages include lack of chemical odor, non-greasy consistency, and non-damaging to clothing and plastics. IRs are divided into two chemical classes: synthetic chemicals such as DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), picaridin and IR3535 and plant-derived oils such as oil of lemon eucalyptus and oil of citronella. Current guidelines require IRs to provide at least a 50% repellency rate to make a reliable claim that they repel mosquitoes. The growing concern about the mosquito-borne Zika virus emphasizes this danger.Īn insect repellent (IR) is defined as a chemical that makes the air within about 1.5 inch above human skin obnoxious enough to insects that they are less likely to land and bite.
More than just an annoyance, insect bites can spread disease. As warm weather arrives in the US, the number of insect bites and stings reported to poison control centers increases dramatically.
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